Direct and indirect speech

ENGLISH Grammar

A ASSERTIVE SENTENCE

इन वाक्यों के द्वारा किसी बात का कथन (Statement)  ज्ञात होता है । इस प्रकार के वाक्यों को Indirect Speech में बदलने के नियमों का वर्णन इस प्रकार है :

(I) Tenses में परिवर्तन सम्बन्धी नियम (Rules for the change of Tenses )

Rule 1. यदि Reporting Verb , Present (वर्तमान) अथवा Future (भविष्य) Tenses में हो तो  Reported Speech के Verb के Tenses में किसी प्रकार का परिवर्तन नहीं करते हैं । 

Example :-

1. Direct :- Ram says,"Hari has gone to Agra."
Indirect :- Ram says that Hari has gone to Agra.
2. Direct :- Sohan will say, " Asha is very intelligent."
Indirect :- Sohan will say that Asha is very intelligent.
3. Direct :- He has said to me, " Ravi will join the camp."
Indirect :- He has told me that Ravi will join the camp.

नोट :-  say,says या said को Indirect Speech में  tell,tells or told में उस समय बदलते हैं, जब इसके बाद object (कर्म) हो। यदि say,says यदि said के बाद object न हो तो उन्हें नहीं बदलते हैं।  (Example 1,2,3) को जरूर देखें।

Rule 2. यदि Reporting Verb, Past Tense (भूतकाल) में हो तो Reported Speech के Tense में परिवर्तन होता है :-
Simple Present Tense
(A) Simple Present Tense को बदलकर Simple Past Tense में हो जाता है।
Example :-
Direct :- Mohan Said, "Rakesh tells a lie."
Indirect :- Mohan Said that Rakesh told a lie.

Direct:- Ram said to me, " Sita goes to school."
Indirect:- Ram told me that Sita went to school.


Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous को Past Continuous में बदलते है। AS
Direct:- Ramesh said to me, "Ram is writing a book."
Indirect:- Ramesh told me that Ram was writting a book.

Direct:- Sita said to me, "Radha is cooking food."
Indirect:- Sita told me that Radha was cooking food.

Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense को Past Prefect Tense में बदल देते हैं। जैसे

Direct:- Aman Said, "Sandhya has completed her work."
Indirect:- Aman said that Sandhya had completed her work.

Direct:- Rajesh said, "Ramesh has made the garland."
Indirect:- Rajesh said that Ramesh had made the garland.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous को Past Prefect Continuous में बदल देते है  जैसे :-

Direct:- He said, "It has been raining since in the morning."
Indirect:- He said that It had been raining since in the morning.

Direct:- Ram said to me, "Ramesh has been going to market since in the morning.
Indirect:- Ram told me that Ramesh had been going to market since in the morning.